With the unprecedented increase of neuro-scientific knowledge we are entering an era in which the nervous system can be modulated with an unmet precision. Currently, a plethora of disciplines is involved in applying neuromodulation in a wide range of neuro-psychiatric diseases. One of the most striking examples of this increased attention are the renaissance of neuromodulation in psychiatry and the rapidly expanding indications and techniques applied in deep brain stimulation. This progress has been realized by the continuous interplay between basic and clinical science. In our symposium we will provide a comprehensive update on both invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation from both a clinical and basis scientific perspective. Finally, we will also address the ethical aspects involved in neuromodulation in an interactive closing session.